保定绿化苗木公司

Combination of rockery

在晚明至清代中叶的假山组合单元中，主要有绝壁及峰、峦、谷、涧、洞、路（蹬道）、桥、平台、瀑布等，其组合方法大抵是临池一面建有绝壁，绝壁下设路（有的则以位置较低的石桥或石矶作陪衬），再转入谷中，由蹬道盘旋而上，经谷上架空的桥（石梁）至山顶。山顶上或设平台，或建小亭，以便休憩、远望。一般峰、峦的数量和位置，都是根据假山的形体、大小来决定的；而石洞只不过一二，常隐藏于山脚或山谷之中；少数在山上再设瀑布，经小涧而流至山下。但园中假山并不一定都具备这些单元，有的只是部分，如明代假山的主体，多半用土堆成，只是假山临水处的东麓或西麓建一小石洞。如苏州艺圃在山的西麓，南京瞻园在山的东麓。这种办法既可节省石料、人工，又可在山上栽植树木，以形成葱郁苍翠的山林之气，其景与真山无异。至于清末的假山，则形体多半低而平，在横的方向上，很少有高深的谷、涧以及较大的峰峦组合，仅在纵的方面，以若干蹬道构成大体近于水平状的层次。

Rockery combination unit during the late Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, there are cliffs and peaks, valleys, Luan, Jian, Dong, Lu (Dengdao), bridge, platform and waterfall, the combination method is probably a pond built under the cliff, Cliff Road (some are in the position of the lower rocky stone or stone by contrast,) and then transferred to the valley, from Dengdao circled on the valley on the overhead bridge (Shiling) to the top of the hill. On the top of the mountain or the platform, or build a kiosk, to rest, yuanwang. The number and location of the general peak, Luan, are based on the rockery shape, size to decide; and only one or two caves, often hidden in the foot of the mountain or valley; in the mountains a few waterfalls, the small stream and flow to the mountain. But the garden rockery does not necessarily have these units, there is only part of the Ming Dynasty, such as the subject of a rockery, mostly with mounds, just at the East Water rockery or the west side built a small cave. Such as Suzhou garden art in Shan Xi Lu, Nanjing, in the mountains of the east. This method can not only save stone, artificial, and planting trees in the mountains, the lush verdant mountain forest to form a gas, and the scene is really mountain. As for the rockery, then form mostly low and flat, in the transverse direction, there is little deep valley, ravine, larger peaks, only in the vertical aspect, with several Dengdao horizontal level to constitute roughly.

绝壁

Precipice

用太湖石叠砌的绝壁（石壁）是以临水的天然石灰岩山体为蓝本的，由于其受波浪的冲刷和水的侵蚀，会在表面形成若干洞、涡以及皱纹等，并会产生近似垂直的凹槽，其凸起的地方隆起如鼻隼状。大小不一的涡内，有时有洞，但洞则不一定在涡内。洞的形状极富变化，边缘几乎都为圆角，在大洞旁往往错列有一二小洞。环秀山庄的石壁，主要模仿太湖石涡洞相套的形状，涡中错杂着各种大小不一的洞穴，洞的边缘多数作圆角，石面比较光滑，显得自然贴切。该假山西南角的垂直状石壁作向外斜出的悬崖之势，堆砌时不是用横石从壁面作生硬挑出，而是将太湖石钩带而出，去承受上部的壁体。这样既自然，又耐久，浑然天成，而不像有的假山用花岗岩条石作悬梁挑出，再在条石上叠砌湖石，显得生硬造作。

Taihu stone piled up cliffs (Stonewall) is to water the natural limestone mountain is modeled, due to the erosion by the waves and water erosion, will form a number of holes, vortex and wrinkles on the surface, and will produce approximately vertical grooves, the convex places such as the nose shaped uplift. Eddies of varying sizes, sometimes with holes, but not necessarily in the vortex. The hole has a very variable shape, with nearly rounded edges and often one or two small holes near the big hole. The walls of the mountain villa, mainly imitate Taihu stone hole vortex phase sets the shape of vortex in a cave complex of various sizes, most of the edge of the hole as a round corner, the stone surface is smooth, is appropriate. The vertical stone wall at the southwest corner of the rockery serves as a potential for outward sloping cliffs. Instead of using a horizontal stone as a rough pick out from the wall, the stone is brought out of the Taihu stone hook to withstand the upper wall. This is natural, like nature itself, and durability, and unlike those with granite stone rockery as cantilever pick on the stone, and then piled up stone, is not artificial.

黄石和石灰岩一样，在自然风化过程中，岩面的石块会有大有小，也会有直有横有斜，互相错综，而且有会有进有出，参差错落。苏州耦园东部黄石假山的绝壁最能体现这种情形。其直削而下临于池，横直石块大小相间，凸凹错杂，似与真山无异。园林学家刘敦桢教授认为：“此处叠石气势雄伟峭拔，是全山最精彩的部分。”

Huangshi and limestone, during natural weathering, the rock block will have big and small, will be a straight horizontal diagonal, each intricate, and there will be a confused with errors and omission. Suzhou Park East of Huangshi rockery cliffs can best reflect the situation. The straight cut down upon the pool, because the size of stones and concave jumble, and really is like mountain. Garden professor Liu Dunzhen said: "this Dieshi imposing Qiaoba, is the most wonderful part of the whole mountain."

洞室

cavern

一般设计在山体的核心部位，其大小须考虑到人体活动的范围，所以高度常在2.20～2.50米之间，洞室周围的面积以不小于3.0～4.0平方米为宜，如环秀山庄的假山石洞，其直径在3米左右，高约2.7米。在设计洞室时，首先要考虑到壁体的坚固性，所以不论假山时代的早晚，一般多用横石叠砌为主，同时还必须考虑到通风、采光，所以一般在洞壁上，还设计若干小洞孔隙，有的则在洞壁上开较大的窗洞，以利用日照的散射与折射光线。采光的要求，应以即便是阴沉的白昼，也能借助由外透进来的散射光线，识别人形及其一般人的行为活动为好。

The general design of the core parts of the mountain, the size must consider the scope of human activities, so the height is often at 2.20 to 2.50 meters, the area around the cavern to not less than 3 ~ 4 square meters is appropriate, such as mountain villa rockery stone, its diameter is about 3 meters, about 2.7 meters high. In the design of tunnel, we must first consider the robustness of the wall body, so no matter the rockery age sooner or later, usually with horizontal stacked stone masonry, but also must consider the ventilation and lighting, so generally in the wall, but also design some small holes or open pores, large windows in the wall. By using scattering and refraction of light in the sunshine. The requirement of lighting should be in the light of daytime, and it is also possible to recognize the behavior of the human figure and its general people by means of scattered light scattered through the outside.

洞顶的做法一般以长条石板覆盖较为普遍，尤其是一些年代较为久远的假山，或一些深长的山洞。也有用“叠涩”（即用砖、石、木等材料作出层层向外或向内叠砌挑出或收进的形式）的方法，向内层层挑出，至中点再加粗长石条，并挂有小石如钟乳状的，如惠荫园水假山石洞，这类假山一般洞室较大。而清代乾嘉年间戈裕良所创造的“将大小石钩带联络如造环桥法”，采用发起拱的穹窿顶或拱顶的结构处理，则更合乎自然。一般洞顶的上部，就是登山后的山顶平台了，所以也必须考虑用必要的石块进行铺平，灌浆，再覆土，或花街铺地，并考虑一定的散水坡度，设计好散水孔。洞顶的结顶到山顶填充铺平石的厚度一般应在0.50～0.60米以上，否则峰洞过分接近山巅，会感到山体的单薄感和虚假感。山巅平台的外侧需要设计女儿墙，以起到具有保护性质的栏杆作用，同时它也是悬崖峭壁的山顶的收顶部分，所以应注意其起伏变化。洞室内外还必须设计有内、外的登山台阶，即蹬道，由洞内到山顶的楼梯式蹬道常设计成螺旋状，其高度大致与洞门的高度相等，一般设计得接近人体的高度，即在1.85米左右，这样可起到使人感到需要稍微低头才能进出的心理反应的效果。

The general approach to strip Stone cover is more common, especially the rockery is some of the oldest, or some deep cave. Also useful "corbel" (i.e., brick, stone, wood and other materials to make the layers outward or inward overlapped pick out or received in the form of) method to pick out the inward layers, the midpoint again bold and hang feldspar, small stone such as stalactitic, such as Hui Yin Yuan water rockery hole, this such a large cavern like rockery. The Qing Dynasty Qianlong Dynasty Ge Yu Liang created "the size of stone hook with contact such as ring bridge method, using structure processing initiated arch or vault vault, is more natural. The upper roof, is after the climb the top of the platform, so it must be considered with the necessary paving stones, grouting, covering soil, or street paving, and considering some of the bulk water slope design, good water hole. The roof top knot to the top of the thickness of paving stone filling should be 0.50 ~ 0.60 meters above the peak hole or too close to the mountain, the mountain will be thin and false sense. Outside the mountain platform to design the parapet, to play with the protective effect of the nature of the railing, at the same time it is also the top of the top of the precipitous rock faces and sheer cliffs close, so we should pay attention to the ups and downs. Cavern inside and outside must also be designed with inner and outer climbing steps, namely Dengdao, from inside to the top of the stairs type Dengdao often designed spiral, the height of the portal and roughly equal height, generally designed close to the height of the body, which is about 1.85 meters, so that you can to make people feel in need of a little psychological bow the effect of reaction to import.