苗木从土壤中吸收的水分主要来源于雨水、地下水及灌溉水。在北方干旱地区主要依靠灌水补充土壤中的水分。但如果雨水过多或排水不畅，也会影响苗木的呼吸，严重的会导致烂根甚至死亡。
The water that seedlings absorb from soil mainly comes from rain, groundwater and irrigation water. In the northern arid regions, water is mainly supplemented by irrigation. But if too much rain or poor drainage, it can also affect the breathing of the seedlings, which can lead to roots and even death.

 

 

 

 

 
灌溉量和灌溉次数
Irrigation times and irrigation times

 

 

 

 

 
不同栽培方式的灌溉
Irrigation of different ways of cultivation

 

 

 
播种苗：播种苗播种后要尽量避免表土干燥，特别是在北方地区，一些小粒种子播种后覆土较浅，易受春旱的危害。通过合理灌溉使床面保持湿润，防止小苗失水，还可调节地表温度，防止日灼。一般要求灌水次数多，每次灌水量要少。
Sowing seedling: after sowing seedling, we should try to avoid dryness, especially in the northern areas. Some small seeds can be seeded with shallow soil after planting, and are vulnerable to spring drought. The bed surface should be kept moist by reasonable irrigation to prevent the small fry from losing water and can adjust the surface temperature to prevent the sun from burning. Generally, it is required to fill in more water, with less water.

 

 
扦插、压条、埋条苗：扦插、压条、埋条苗这些苗的生根、发芽都需要较大水量，特别是在刚开始展叶而尚未完全生根（即假活期）阶段，叶面蒸腾量较大，土壤水分供应量较少，一旦断水就将造成植株死亡，及时灌水是关键。在北方，气候干燥季节更应注意。灌水量可适当大些，但水流要细、缓，以免水流冲力移动苗木（特别是扦插苗）。
Cutting, layering, buried: cutting, layering, buried the shoot begins to take root, sprout all need larger water, especially in the first exhibition of leaf and root (i.e., false current) phase has not yet been fully, leaf transpiration, soil water supply is less, once water will cause the plants died, timely irrigation is the key. In the north, the dry season should pay more attention. The irrigation water can be a little bit larger, but the water should be fine and slow, so as not to move the seedling (especially the cuttings).

 

 
分株苗、移植苗：分株苗、移植苗这些苗由于在栽植时根系受伤，苗木内部的水分供应出现不平衡，必须加强供水。在分株和移植后应连续灌水三四次，灌水量要大些，间隔时间也不能太长。
Seedlings and transplanting seedlings: seedlings and transplanting seedlings were injured in planting time. The water supply in seedlings was unbalanced and the water supply must be strengthened. After planting and transplanting, the water should be poured three or four times in a row, the irrigation water should be larger, and the interval time should not be too long.

 

 
嫁接苗：嫁接苗对水分的需求不是太大，只要能保证砧木的正常生命活动即可。水不能太多，尤其是接口部位不能积水，否则会使伤口腐烂。干旱天气必须灌水时也要注意。
Grafting: the demand for water is not too great, as long as it can ensure the normal life activity of the rootstock. Water can't be too much, especially the interface parts can't water, otherwise the wound will rot. The dry weather must also be noted when it must be watered.

 

 
大苗：大苗除非在干旱季节才需灌水。如果水分过多，还会使苗木抗性降低，影响生长发育。
Big fry: big plants need to be watered only during dry season. If too much water, it will reduce the resistance of seedling, affecting growth and development.

 

 

 

 

 

 
不同气候条件下的灌溉
Irrigation in different climates

 

 

 
灌溉必须根据气候条件的变化灵活掌握。一般来说，春季到初夏，苗木处于旺盛生长期，南方雨水多，只要灌溉三四次即可。北方是干旱期，要灌七八次。播种苗、扦插苗则需要灌溉次数更多。
Irrigation must be flexible in terms of climate change. Generally speaking, spring to early summer, the seedlings are in vigorous growth, southern rain, as long as irrigation three or four times. The north is dry, and should be filled seven or eight times. Planting seedlings and cutting seedlings need more irrigation times.

 

 
初夏：南方是阴雨季节，要注意排水。
Early summer: southern is the rainy season, should pay attention to drainage.

 
夏季：北方常逢雨季，可不灌水。南方则不同，如果高温又干旱，必须增加灌水次数。
Summer: the north often meets the rainy season without watering. The south is different, and if the heat is dry again, it must increase irrigation times.

 
秋季：虽然南北方雨量不同，但为了让苗木组织充实和木质化，准备越冬，一般不灌水。
Autumn: although the northern and southern rainfall is different, but in order to make the seedling organization full and lignified, prepare for the winter, generally do not irrigate water.

 
冬季：南方不灌水，北方则要在土地冰冻前灌一次冻水，以利于苗木越冬。
Winter: the south does not irrigate the water, and the north is to freeze water before freezing, to facilitate the winter.

 

 

 

 

 

 
不同土壤条件的灌溉
Irrigation of different soil conditions

 

 

 
黏重土壤保水力强，灌水量应适当减少；砂壤保水力差，灌水量应适当增加。
The hydraulic efficiency of the soil is strong and the irrigation water should be reduced. The water retention of sand soil is poor, and the irrigation quantity should be increased appropriately.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
不同树种的灌溉
Irrigation of different tree species

 

 

 
不同树种对水的要求各不相同，幼苗期差别并不太大，一般都需要有足够的水分。随着苗龄的增长，差别越来越明显。
Different tree species have different requirements for water, and the seedling stage is not very different, and it needs to have enough water. As the seedling age grows, the difference becomes more and more obvious.

 

 
耐旱树种：如臭椿、刺槐、丁香等更应注意，水多时要立即排水。
Drought-tolerant tree species: such as the bed of the tree, the acacia, clove and so on more should pay attention, the water should be drained immediately.

 

 
一般树种：则要经常保持湿润状态，结合地下水位和降雨情况，确定适宜的灌水量。
General tree species: the water level and rainfall situation should be used to determine the appropriate amount of irrigation.

 

 

 

 

 
灌溉方法
Irrigation methods

 

 

 

 

 
地面灌溉
Surface irrigation

 

 

 
高床和垄式作业区：可由灌溉渠把水引入步道或垄沟里，水从侧面渗入床内或垄中。其优点是灌溉后土壤仍具有良好的通气性，可以减少松土的次数，也比较省工，但耗水量太大，苗床宽的会产生灌水不均的现象。
High bed and ridged operating area: the water can be brought into the footpath or furrow by irrigation ditches, and water seeps into the bed or ridged. The advantage is that the soil still has good ventilation after irrigation, which can reduce the number of loose soil and the work of the province, but the water consumption is too large, and the wide range of the seedbed will produce the phenomenon of uneven irrigation.

 

 
低床或大田式育苗区：可由灌溉渠把水直接引入低床或畦面，水布满床面或畦面而逐渐深入土壤之中，这是漫灌。此法灌水时比较方便，但应注意水流速度要慢，以免冲倒或淹没苗木。灌溉后土壤易板结，通气不良，要增加松土次数?比较费工。
Low bed or large field seedling area: the water can be directly introduced into the low bed or the bedding face by irrigation canal, and the water is covered with bed or bed surface, which is gradually dug into the soil. This is the diffuse irrigation. This method is convenient to fill the water, but should pay attention to the water speed is slow, so as not to rush down or flood the seedlings. After irrigation, the soil is easy to tie, and the ventilation is bad. Compare the labor.

 

 

 

 

 
喷灌和滴灌
Sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation

 

 

 
喷灌一般适用于大苗灌溉，滴灌适用于苗床灌溉，都是比较先进的灌溉方式。
Sprinkler irrigation is suitable for the irrigation of seedling. Drip irrigation is suitable for irrigation of seedling bed.

 

 

 

 

 
排水
drainage

 

 

 
降雨或大量灌溉后应及时排除地面积水，苗圃地不应有积水，否则会降低土壤有机质的分解速度，破坏苗木根系的正常呼吸，常引起根系腐烂甚至死亡。
Rain or should be excluded from the ground in a timely manner after a large number of irrigation water, viability should not have water, otherwise it will reduce the decomposition speed of soil organic matter, disturb the normal breathing, seedling root often cause root rot and even death.

 

 
要做好排水工作，首先应平整圃地，其次，建立完善的排水系统，做到外水不浸、内水能排。
In order to do well drainage, the first place should be flat, and secondly, to build a perfect drainage system, so that the water can not be soaked and the water can be drained.